What is the meaning of re-tract?

v.re·tract·ed, re·tract·ing, re·tracts v.tr. 1. To take back; disavow: refused to retract the statement. 2. To draw back or in: a plane retracting its landing gear. 3. Linguistics

What is the origin of the word vertical?

The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning ‘highest point’ or more literally the ‘turning point’ such as in a whirlpool. Girard Desargues defined the vertical to be perpendicular to the horizon in his 1636 book Perspective .

What is meant by vertical integration?

Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration. A company exhibits backward vertical

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal?

In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a direction or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction.

What is the meaning of counsel in law?

Look up counsel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A counsel or a counsellor at law is a person who gives advice and deals with various issues, particularly in legal matters. It is a title often used interchangeably with the title of lawyer . The word counsel can also mean advice given outside of the context of the legal profession.

What is a retraction in academic publishing?

In academic publishing, a retraction is the action by which a published paper in an academic journal is removed from the journal. Online journals typically remove the retracted article from online access.

What does it mean when a paper is retracted?

In academic publishing, a retraction is the action by which a published paper in an academic journal is removed from the journal. A retraction may be initiated by the editors of a journal, or by the author (s) of the papers (or their institution).